In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a process that helps couples with fertility problems to have a child. Here we explain in simple terms its stages, from the initial examination to embryo implantation.
Steps of In Vitro Fertilization
- Ovarian Stimulation
The process begins with administering hormones to the woman to stimulate her ovaries to produce multiple eggs simultaneously, instead of just one as happens naturally. These hormones are given through injections, and the woman is closely monitored with ultrasounds and blood tests. - Egg Retrieval
When the eggs are ready, they are retrieved through a minor surgical procedure called egg retrieval. Under ultrasound guidance, a thin needle is inserted through the vagina reaching the ovaries, where the follicular fluid is carefully collected and handed over to embryologists who examine it under the microscope and select the eggs. - Fertilization
The collected eggs are placed in a special nutrient solution and mixed with sperm from the partner or a donor. Fertilization can occur naturally or via microinjection (ICSI).
- Conventional IVF: Eggs and sperm are placed together in a petri dish and left to fertilize on their own.
- Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI): A single sperm is directly injected into the egg using a microscope and special instruments.
- Embryo Culture
The fertilized eggs are monitored for several days to determine if they develop into healthy embryos. This period usually lasts 3-5 days, during which the embryos grow in the laboratory. - Embryo Transfer
When the embryos are ready, the best one(s) are selected and transferred into the woman’s uterus through a thin catheter. The procedure is painless and does not require anesthesia. - Support of Implantation
After embryo transfer, the woman receives supportive treatment with progesterone, estrogen, and possibly additional medications such as anticoagulants like heparin and aspirin or low-dose corticosteroids, depending on the history of miscarriages or previous attempts, to aid embryo implantation and successful pregnancy development. A pregnancy test is performed a few weeks later to confirm if the procedure was successful.
In vitro fertilization is a hopeful method for couples facing fertility issues. Although the process can be long and demanding, the results can be remarkable, offering the chance to start a family.
It is important to consult an experienced doctor specializing in assisted reproduction to discuss your options and learn whether IVF is the right treatment for you.